Exercise plays a key role in health maintenance and disease prevention, physical and mental. Regularly practice any physical activity, improves and enhances general health and physical fitness and psychological. With these two statements are highlighted the consequences of exercising in the body.
All in all, exercise can be distinguished:
aerobics, in which we placed the running, swimming or aerobics, with which increased the heart rate and respiratory
anaerobic, such as those in the ground or fixed resistance machines gym. With the first, it promotes cardiovascular fitness and lose weight, and the second is improved muscular fitness and strength.
In this article we discuss the gym and more specifically, weight training, which as physical exercise, go of course, in the western disciplines.
The gym
Among the options, therefore, for physical exercise, we can choose to attend a specialized sports center, fitness center, which offers a wide variety of activities, among which we select those that satisfy us with regard to individual needs and possibilities of physical activity and fitness.
In recent times, the motivation of the person who goes to a gym is not only an improvement in body image and physical performance, but has turned to improving and maintaining good health. To this add that the gym also has now become a rehabilitation center where they treat mild and moderate disorders of the musculoskeletal system, especially back pain . In the gym, and through specific exercise programs, can improve pain in the vast majority of patients and even those are better when treated in healthy people. The exercise, in these cases, you must practice for life, to maintain continuous improvement of the condition, always individually adapted.
Returning to a general, exercise training in a gym is recommended for people who need discipline and motivation to keep fit, allowing you to work with its own rhythm, with the help of a trainer to advise on the maintenance program. But always bearing in mind that a gym class is beneficial if it can continue to completion, learning how to dispense the pace to it.
It is important to consider the coach's motivational skills and personal values if the class level is appropriate and in doing so, it is advisable to test various offers.
Each activity must consider the benefits and possible risks, and the frequency and the training is advised. And so we have circuit training, aerobics, step, ballroom dancing, ballet and weight training. On the latter we will stop in this chapter with more detail.
Weights
Weight-bearing exercise is repeated movements that strengthen the muscles, enhancing their strength and making it more resistant, thus shaping the body. Its basic principle is to overload the muscles to develop when it supports and increases the weight over time. The muscles are prepared by fixed resistance machines, free weights and exercises in soil. Combining this with aerobic anaerobic activity as well as stretching, driving the body to general fitness.
The weights are recommended from age 18 to older, more often two to three times weekly, with the possibility of training days in a row if you train upper body one day and lower the next day.
Its benefits have been described, highlighting the general increase in muscular strength and endurance, working multiple muscle groups simultaneously. But not only used the weights for this purpose, but also is a good method of rehabilitation muscle and joint injury in which muscles and joints have been subjected to long periods of immobilization or rest. But keep in mind that weightlifting and bodybuilding exercises generally do not offer all the benefits of sport. It is therefore recommended to coordinate with other exercise.
The exercise machines must be adjusted individually, as appropriate, to avoid possible injury production. At the beginning of each session in the gym, warm up exercises should be performed for each muscle group along with gentle stretching exercises to prevent stiffness and other injuries.
You should go slowly ...
It is certainly advisable to start this exercise with light weights, working every major muscle group, legs, arms, anterior chest (chest), back, buttocks and abdomen, with two sets of fifteen to twenty, later moving to a weight that is heavy enough to fatigue the muscle exercised within a maximum of ten repetitions, and practicing as two series. Thus, we will work both endurance and strength training. You should not forget the cool-down exercises and relaxation after exercise, stretching the muscles slowly and gradually.
... And gradually increase
Finally, it should be noted that progress, we lift weights that are increasingly kilos. If we are prepared for more strenuous exercise, it is advisable to have a coach who can guide us on the proper progression for the program to follow.
But beware:
It is important to remember that poor technique can lead to serious injury and that besides the usual sportswear, we can help optionally with lumbar sash and gloves.
Thursday, November 25, 2010
The chief functions of the colon are the collection, dehydration, transit and temporary storage of stool. The colon is not absolutely essential to life, since people can survive without it after removal--but the study of people who have had to have their large bowels removed for medical reasons reveals deficiencies which shed light on its very important functions. Lack of a colon leads to the following conditions: 1) excessive loss of sodium and chloride ions and water; 2) chronic dehydration and hyponatremia (low sodium levels in the blood); 3) decreased production of urine by the kidneys in an attempt to conserve water. The latter situation may lead to increased production of kidney stones.
The colon has a remarkable efficiency and capacity to reabsorb water and sodium and plays a vital role in protecting the human body against hyponatremia, even when oral intake of sodium is low. Up to ninety percent of the water which reaches the colon is reabsorbed. The volume of stool which reaches the colon averages about one and a half liters per day, but can amount to as much as five liters daily. Although colon function is primarily to absorb water and is exquisitely designed to reduce back diffusion of water and fluid, it is also capable of producing or secreting fluid, particularly in disease. Thus, diarrhea is not simply an absorption failure phenomenon, but may be an active process brought on by illness. Most absorption of water and electrolytes is accomplished in the proximal (upstream) portion of the colon, while comparatively little or none is absorbed in the rectum.
The colon has a remarkable efficiency and capacity to reabsorb water and sodium and plays a vital role in protecting the human body against hyponatremia, even when oral intake of sodium is low. Up to ninety percent of the water which reaches the colon is reabsorbed. The volume of stool which reaches the colon averages about one and a half liters per day, but can amount to as much as five liters daily. Although colon function is primarily to absorb water and is exquisitely designed to reduce back diffusion of water and fluid, it is also capable of producing or secreting fluid, particularly in disease. Thus, diarrhea is not simply an absorption failure phenomenon, but may be an active process brought on by illness. Most absorption of water and electrolytes is accomplished in the proximal (upstream) portion of the colon, while comparatively little or none is absorbed in the rectum.
Lymphoid cells are interspersed throughout the tissues of the colon while lymph nodes are found in networks adjacent to or just outside of the bowel walls. Lymph nodes are part of the body immune system and are very important in the defense against infections from viruses and bacteria and in the containment of cancer cells. Hundreds of lymph nodes are present in all parts of the body, and like a microscopic FBI, they provide a form of biological surveillance against the anarchy that can result from infection and malignancy. Lymphatics are milky vessels that drain the milky fluid known as lymph from tissues to the lymph nodes.
Draining the colon are three main groups of lymph nodes: the paracolic nodes that essentially border the outside surface of the colon; the intermediate nodes that skirt along the major arteries supplying the colon; and the central nodes that are rooted near the aorta. The lymph fluid drains through this network of nodes and eventually finds its way into a large sac (or reservoir) of fluid known as the cysterna chyli which then drains into another large vessel known as the thoracic duct. The thoracic duct flows into the left subclavian vein that carries blood and lymph into the vena cava from whence they are recycled into the arterial side of circulation through the heart.
The lymphatic network of the colon is important with respect to the role they play in both inflammatory bowel disorders and with respect to that which is played in cancer.
Draining the colon are three main groups of lymph nodes: the paracolic nodes that essentially border the outside surface of the colon; the intermediate nodes that skirt along the major arteries supplying the colon; and the central nodes that are rooted near the aorta. The lymph fluid drains through this network of nodes and eventually finds its way into a large sac (or reservoir) of fluid known as the cysterna chyli which then drains into another large vessel known as the thoracic duct. The thoracic duct flows into the left subclavian vein that carries blood and lymph into the vena cava from whence they are recycled into the arterial side of circulation through the heart.
The lymphatic network of the colon is important with respect to the role they play in both inflammatory bowel disorders and with respect to that which is played in cancer.
The blood supply of the colon includes arteries which deliver blood rich in oxygen and other nutrients to the bowel tissues and veins which return deoxygenated (oxygen poor) blood to the lungs and heart. Surgical decisions regarding resection of colon cancers are heavily dependent on the anatomic location in the colon and on the blood supply to that particular segment. The chief arterial sources are the superior mesenteric artery and the inferior mesenteric artery, which branch off the aorta, the very large artery that comes directly from the heart. The superior mesenteric artery through its branches provides blood to the small bowel, right colon and transverse colon. These branches are the ileocolic artery that supplies the cecum, appendix and final portion of the ileum; the right colic artery that supplies the right colon and the middle colic artery that feeds the transverse colon. The inferior mesenteric artery through the left colic artery branch feeds the left colon and through the sigmoidal arteries and the hemorrhoidal arteries supplies the rectum. Each artery has a complementary vein by the same name.
The columnar absorptive cells are tall, and as their name implies, have highly refined internal architecture which suits them for the purpose of water and electrolyte absorption. The goblet cells, on the other hand, are primarily perfected as mucin producing elements. There are at least a dozen and a half or more different types of enteroendocrine cells, which secrete (discharge) hormone-like peptides into the adjacent lamina propria and into the lumen of the bowel. These peptides have a variety of functions important to digestion and the motility or propulsive action of the colon.
The lamina propria is a mesh of tissue, primarily containing collagen, which is a connective type of tissue and occupies the space between crypts in the epithelium and the muscularis mucosa. Interestingly, it also contains lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system (called mast cells, plasma cells, macrophages, eosinophils and fibroblasts). The exact role and function of these cells here is not clear. Blood and lymph vessels, as well as nerve fibers, are found here.
The thin muscularis mucosa is situated at the base of the lamina propria and is spread like a sheet of fine filo dough.
The lamina propria is a mesh of tissue, primarily containing collagen, which is a connective type of tissue and occupies the space between crypts in the epithelium and the muscularis mucosa. Interestingly, it also contains lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system (called mast cells, plasma cells, macrophages, eosinophils and fibroblasts). The exact role and function of these cells here is not clear. Blood and lymph vessels, as well as nerve fibers, are found here.
The thin muscularis mucosa is situated at the base of the lamina propria and is spread like a sheet of fine filo dough.
It is the epithelium of the colon which is perhaps most important to the understanding of colon cancer, for it is here where the vast majority of colon cancers begin. Colon epithelium has a flat appearing surface, but it is glandular tissue, primarily, and is characterized anatomically by long, thin microscopic pits known as crypts. (They are sometimes also called the glands of Lieberkuhn after the eighteenth century German anatomist who first described them.) These crypts measure about half a centimeter in depth. They contain three types of cells, known as the columnar absorptive cell, mucous-secreting goblet cells, and enteroendocrine cells.
There is an amazing turnover of epithelial cells, with the columnar absorptive and goblet cells having a lifetime of only a few days. These cells begin as undifferentiated (meaning without any recognizable distinguishing characteristics) cells in the deeper zones of the crypts and they move up to the surface where they take on their recognizable features. When cells reach the flat surface of the epithelium they begin to degenerate and eventually slough off into the lumen and become part of waste eliminated. The life cycle of a cell in this process is four to six days. The enteroendocrine cells probably survive a little longer than their columnar absorptive and goblet cell counterparts and probably migrate up the crypt (independently of them) as well. The epithelium lining the colon is thus replaced completely every four to six days and because of the constant renewal process that goes on in the bowel, the epithelium is particularly sensitive to noxious substances. [It is because of this constant turnover and sensitivity in the gastrointestinal tract that nausea, vomiting and diarrhea are common features of chemotherapy drug and radiation therapy toxicity.
There is an amazing turnover of epithelial cells, with the columnar absorptive and goblet cells having a lifetime of only a few days. These cells begin as undifferentiated (meaning without any recognizable distinguishing characteristics) cells in the deeper zones of the crypts and they move up to the surface where they take on their recognizable features. When cells reach the flat surface of the epithelium they begin to degenerate and eventually slough off into the lumen and become part of waste eliminated. The life cycle of a cell in this process is four to six days. The enteroendocrine cells probably survive a little longer than their columnar absorptive and goblet cell counterparts and probably migrate up the crypt (independently of them) as well. The epithelium lining the colon is thus replaced completely every four to six days and because of the constant renewal process that goes on in the bowel, the epithelium is particularly sensitive to noxious substances. [It is because of this constant turnover and sensitivity in the gastrointestinal tract that nausea, vomiting and diarrhea are common features of chemotherapy drug and radiation therapy toxicity.
The colon contains four layers (or coats) of tissue. The outermost tissue layer, much like a membrane, is the serosa. Attached to the outside of the serosa are fatty fragments known as the appendices epiploicae. Deeper tissue layers include the outer muscular layer called the muscularis propria which provides the muscular contractions to propel feces, a submucosal layer containing nervous tissue, blood and lymph vessels and connective tissue, and the innermost mucosa, which has three components, the epithelium, the lamina propria and the muscularis mucosae.
The muscularis propria has two distinct groups: the longitudinal taenia coli that run on the outside as three separate bands from the cecum to the rectum, and the circular inside layer of muscle. Interspersed between these two layers of muscle are plexuses, or networks, of nerve tissue known as the myenteric plexus of Auerbach. These nerve fibers are part of the autonomic (which essentially means self-controlling) nervous system and help bowel function to proceed (for the most part) effortlessly. The taenia are about one-half to one centimeter in width. The muscular tissues separate outpouchings of the bowel known as haustra which give the colon a characteristic segmented appearance. On plain x-rays of the abdomen, the colon often is seen to contain air while the small intestine usually has little or no gas in it. The colon can usually be further identified on x-rays by the characteristic appearance of the haustra.
The muscularis propria has two distinct groups: the longitudinal taenia coli that run on the outside as three separate bands from the cecum to the rectum, and the circular inside layer of muscle. Interspersed between these two layers of muscle are plexuses, or networks, of nerve tissue known as the myenteric plexus of Auerbach. These nerve fibers are part of the autonomic (which essentially means self-controlling) nervous system and help bowel function to proceed (for the most part) effortlessly. The taenia are about one-half to one centimeter in width. The muscular tissues separate outpouchings of the bowel known as haustra which give the colon a characteristic segmented appearance. On plain x-rays of the abdomen, the colon often is seen to contain air while the small intestine usually has little or no gas in it. The colon can usually be further identified on x-rays by the characteristic appearance of the haustra.
There are several syndromes of an inheritable or familial nature which are characterized by polyposis and increased risk of colon cancer. Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is the most important of these syndromes, yet it accounts for less than one percent of colon cancers in the United States. Affected individuals develop hundreds or thousands of polyps by their teen years, any one of which may develop into a cancer. Eighty percent of individuals with FAP will also develop small bowel adenomas and fifty percent will develop polyps in the stomach. Two thirds of individuals with FAP will also develop a condition in the eye retina known as congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE). CHRPE does not affect vision nor does it have a malignant character, but it is an important marker of the FAP syndrome and can be detected at birth by ophthalmologic examination.6
Preventive action, usually consisting of repeated examination or removal of the colon, is necessary, along with careful screening of family members for this disorder. The APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) gene, located on human chromosome 5, is believed to be the responsible gene for FAP. This gene is referred to as a tumor suppressor gene because decreased expression (availability) of the gene allows increased growth of abnormal cells.
Gardner syndrome is about half as frequent as FAP. It may affect both the small intestine as well as the colon. Other benign tumors affecting bone (osteomas), connective tissue (fibromas), fatty tissues (lipomas), the tissues lining the abdomen (desmoid tumors) and benign cysts of the sweat glands (sebaceous cysts) may be found. Some authorities consider Gardner syndrome to be a subset of FAP.
Oldfield and Turcot syndromes are related to Gardner syndrome. The former is associated with sebaceous cysts and the latter is associated with tumors of the central nervous system. These syndromes are quite rare.
Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC). The name is somewhat misleading, because these forms of colon cancer do in fact arise from polyps, but individuals do not have an abundant proliferation of polyps as in the above mentioned polyposis syndromes. The polyps that are found in family members have an extraordinarily high likelihood of progressing to cancer. Therefore, it is felt that these individuals have a cancer gene, more than a polyp gene.
The syndrome of family clustering of colon cancer was first recognized in a family by Warthin in 1913. HNPCC is also known as the Lynch syndrome, named for Dr. Henry Lynch, a pioneer researcher in the field of cancer genetics who followed up on the original family studied by Warthin and also other families. There are two Lynch syndromes: Lynch I in which only colon cancer is passed along; and, Lynch II in which both colon and non-colon cancers (especially ovarian and uterine) are inherited.
HNPCC accounts for about five percent of colon cancer cases. The incidence of this syndrome has been controversial because until recently there has been little objective means of identifying people with the syndrome. Criteria for inclusion of cases into this syndrome were published by an International Collaborative Group on Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer. These three criteria are referred to as the Amsterdam Criteria: 7
The Amsterdam Criteria for Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer
1.
at least three relatives have colon cancer with at least one being a relative in the immediate family
2.
two successive generations must be affected
3.
at least one individual must be diagnosed before the age of 50
Individuals with HNPCC have a strong family history of colon cancer (Lynch I) and sometimes other forms of cancer (Lynch II). Colon cancer in individuals with HNPCC look just like sporadic cases of colon cancer but the polyps that lead to colon cancer have a much more aggressive and malignant nature. Often multiple colon cancers are found, either at the same time (synchronous) or at different times in a person's life (metachronous). Greater than sixty percent of the time, cancers are found in the ascending or transverse colon (proximal to the splenic flexure).
To establish that a person has this form of colon cancer necessitates taking a careful family history to establish the genetic nature of the disorder. This obviously also has important implications for the children of a person with the disorder. The polyps found in individuals with this hereditary condition are thought to have a greater and more rapid potential for becoming malignant than those found in persons without the disorder.
Screening in family members of patients with this disorder should start at an earlier age than screening in the general population and should be done more frequently, since adenomatous polyps and cancer can reappear within six to twelve months of surgical removal. (See Chapter Nine)
Risk of colorectal cancer in the families of patients with non-hereditary adenomatous polyps. 1031 patients with adenomatous polyps in The National Polyp Study were interviewed about their family history. The risk of colon cancer in their siblings or parents was almost twice that expected, and was almost three times the rate expected when the polyps were discovered before the age of sixty.
Preventive action, usually consisting of repeated examination or removal of the colon, is necessary, along with careful screening of family members for this disorder. The APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) gene, located on human chromosome 5, is believed to be the responsible gene for FAP. This gene is referred to as a tumor suppressor gene because decreased expression (availability) of the gene allows increased growth of abnormal cells.
Gardner syndrome is about half as frequent as FAP. It may affect both the small intestine as well as the colon. Other benign tumors affecting bone (osteomas), connective tissue (fibromas), fatty tissues (lipomas), the tissues lining the abdomen (desmoid tumors) and benign cysts of the sweat glands (sebaceous cysts) may be found. Some authorities consider Gardner syndrome to be a subset of FAP.
Oldfield and Turcot syndromes are related to Gardner syndrome. The former is associated with sebaceous cysts and the latter is associated with tumors of the central nervous system. These syndromes are quite rare.
Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC). The name is somewhat misleading, because these forms of colon cancer do in fact arise from polyps, but individuals do not have an abundant proliferation of polyps as in the above mentioned polyposis syndromes. The polyps that are found in family members have an extraordinarily high likelihood of progressing to cancer. Therefore, it is felt that these individuals have a cancer gene, more than a polyp gene.
The syndrome of family clustering of colon cancer was first recognized in a family by Warthin in 1913. HNPCC is also known as the Lynch syndrome, named for Dr. Henry Lynch, a pioneer researcher in the field of cancer genetics who followed up on the original family studied by Warthin and also other families. There are two Lynch syndromes: Lynch I in which only colon cancer is passed along; and, Lynch II in which both colon and non-colon cancers (especially ovarian and uterine) are inherited.
HNPCC accounts for about five percent of colon cancer cases. The incidence of this syndrome has been controversial because until recently there has been little objective means of identifying people with the syndrome. Criteria for inclusion of cases into this syndrome were published by an International Collaborative Group on Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer. These three criteria are referred to as the Amsterdam Criteria: 7
The Amsterdam Criteria for Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer
1.
at least three relatives have colon cancer with at least one being a relative in the immediate family
2.
two successive generations must be affected
3.
at least one individual must be diagnosed before the age of 50
Individuals with HNPCC have a strong family history of colon cancer (Lynch I) and sometimes other forms of cancer (Lynch II). Colon cancer in individuals with HNPCC look just like sporadic cases of colon cancer but the polyps that lead to colon cancer have a much more aggressive and malignant nature. Often multiple colon cancers are found, either at the same time (synchronous) or at different times in a person's life (metachronous). Greater than sixty percent of the time, cancers are found in the ascending or transverse colon (proximal to the splenic flexure).
To establish that a person has this form of colon cancer necessitates taking a careful family history to establish the genetic nature of the disorder. This obviously also has important implications for the children of a person with the disorder. The polyps found in individuals with this hereditary condition are thought to have a greater and more rapid potential for becoming malignant than those found in persons without the disorder.
Screening in family members of patients with this disorder should start at an earlier age than screening in the general population and should be done more frequently, since adenomatous polyps and cancer can reappear within six to twelve months of surgical removal. (See Chapter Nine)
Risk of colorectal cancer in the families of patients with non-hereditary adenomatous polyps. 1031 patients with adenomatous polyps in The National Polyp Study were interviewed about their family history. The risk of colon cancer in their siblings or parents was almost twice that expected, and was almost three times the rate expected when the polyps were discovered before the age of sixty.
The majority of colon cancer cases (at least eighty percent) are thought to be sporadic in nature. These occur in individuals with no identifiable hereditary disorder which predisposes to colon cancer, and are likely initiated by environmental carcinogens alluded to above leading to a series of accumulated genetic alterations or mutations which result in a malignant tumor. These types of mutations are called somatic mutations, meaning that they occur not in the germ cells of an organism, but in the cells of tissues which are already fully developed.
These somatic mutations lead to overproliferation of mucosal cells of the colon which then lead to aberrant crypt foci that can then become adenomas or polyps. Most polyps do not become cancerous. As will be seen below, a series of further somatic mutations is required before cancer develops. The complete sequence of mutations may take up to ten or twenty years before cancer develops.
These somatic mutations lead to overproliferation of mucosal cells of the colon which then lead to aberrant crypt foci that can then become adenomas or polyps. Most polyps do not become cancerous. As will be seen below, a series of further somatic mutations is required before cancer develops. The complete sequence of mutations may take up to ten or twenty years before cancer develops.
People with inflammatory bowel diseases are at increased risk of colon cancer. These include ulcerative colitis and to a lesser extent Crohn's disease.
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic disease of the large bowel that has episodic behavior and an unpredictable outcome. It is characterized by recurrent inflammation and ulceration of the colon and rectum and primarily involves the mucosa (see Chapter Two). The etiology, or cause, of this disease is unknown. Clinically, the prominent symptoms of ulcerative colitis are diarrhea and rectal bleeding. Other symptoms of attacks are abdominal pain, fever and weight loss. The disease may be treated with medications to control attacks, but ultimately may require surgery to prevent or treat complications and to prevent cancer. The risk of colon cancer from ulcerative colitis is increased when the entire large bowel is involved and increases with the length of time which a person has been known to have had the disease. Since ulcerative colitis is a lifetime disease, the risk of colorectal cancer therefore is higher in people who are first diagnosed with it at a younger age (especially less than twenty-five years). The average age for diagnosis of colorectal cancer in patients with ulcerative colitis is 49 years, compared to 69 years in the general population. Additionally, cancers tend to be multifocal (that is, multiple cancers at different sites in the large bowel) about forty percent of the time. Cancer usually occurs in parts of the bowel that are inflamed by the disease process itself, but can also occur in areas of the bowel not involved by ulceration. Prevention of colon cancer usually involves resection (removal) of the entire large bowel.
Crohn's disease is likewise a chronic and episodic disorder of the bowel, but can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus. It is distinguished from ulcerative colitis by the fact that it involves the entire wall of the bowel, not just the mucosa. It is usually most prominent in the small bowel, colon and anus. Like ulcerative colitis, the cause is unknown. In some quarters, it is held that Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis may actually together form part of a larger category of disease. The symptoms of Crohn's disease may mimic those of ulcerative colitis, and include diarrhea, abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, fever, weight loss and in children, growth pattern disturbances. The risk of colon cancer from Crohn's disease is less than that from ulcerative colitis, but may be as high as twenty times the expected incidence in the general population. The average age of cancer occurrence is forty-eight years.
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic disease of the large bowel that has episodic behavior and an unpredictable outcome. It is characterized by recurrent inflammation and ulceration of the colon and rectum and primarily involves the mucosa (see Chapter Two). The etiology, or cause, of this disease is unknown. Clinically, the prominent symptoms of ulcerative colitis are diarrhea and rectal bleeding. Other symptoms of attacks are abdominal pain, fever and weight loss. The disease may be treated with medications to control attacks, but ultimately may require surgery to prevent or treat complications and to prevent cancer. The risk of colon cancer from ulcerative colitis is increased when the entire large bowel is involved and increases with the length of time which a person has been known to have had the disease. Since ulcerative colitis is a lifetime disease, the risk of colorectal cancer therefore is higher in people who are first diagnosed with it at a younger age (especially less than twenty-five years). The average age for diagnosis of colorectal cancer in patients with ulcerative colitis is 49 years, compared to 69 years in the general population. Additionally, cancers tend to be multifocal (that is, multiple cancers at different sites in the large bowel) about forty percent of the time. Cancer usually occurs in parts of the bowel that are inflamed by the disease process itself, but can also occur in areas of the bowel not involved by ulceration. Prevention of colon cancer usually involves resection (removal) of the entire large bowel.
Crohn's disease is likewise a chronic and episodic disorder of the bowel, but can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus. It is distinguished from ulcerative colitis by the fact that it involves the entire wall of the bowel, not just the mucosa. It is usually most prominent in the small bowel, colon and anus. Like ulcerative colitis, the cause is unknown. In some quarters, it is held that Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis may actually together form part of a larger category of disease. The symptoms of Crohn's disease may mimic those of ulcerative colitis, and include diarrhea, abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, fever, weight loss and in children, growth pattern disturbances. The risk of colon cancer from Crohn's disease is less than that from ulcerative colitis, but may be as high as twenty times the expected incidence in the general population. The average age of cancer occurrence is forty-eight years.
People who have had previous colon cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer are at risk of having another cancer of the large bowel. A history of radiation to the pelvis for other cancers such as cervical, bladder and endometrial seems to raise the risk of colon cancer, too.
Infestation by schistosomiasis in parts of the world where this parasite is endemic may increase the colon cancer incidence risk, although data to support this is scanty. Schistosomiasis is caused by any of several species of worm parasites from the genus Schistosoma that affects about two hundred million people worldwide (predominantly outside of the United States).
There have been some studies of both humans and mice that suggest that cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal), may increase a person's odds of having colon cancer. Other studies have contradicted these findings. Nevertheless, it is an intriguing concept given that removal of the gallbladder alters the patterns of metabolism of bile, which may be a factor in colon carcinogenesis.
Ureterosigmoidostomy (creation of a connection of the ureter via the sigmoid colon to the outside of the abdomen) may lead to cancer at the line of connection between the ureter and the colon. [The ureter is the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder.] It has been conjectured that a urinary ingredient becomes carcinogenic when exposed to the bacteria of the bowel.
Occupational exposure probably does not play a major role in the development of colon cancer, although isolated reports of clusters of colon cancer in people of various occupations have been made. Those occupations that have been implicated include brewery workers, crystal glass foundry workers, automobile model and pattern makers and workers exposed to formaldehyde.
Infestation by schistosomiasis in parts of the world where this parasite is endemic may increase the colon cancer incidence risk, although data to support this is scanty. Schistosomiasis is caused by any of several species of worm parasites from the genus Schistosoma that affects about two hundred million people worldwide (predominantly outside of the United States).
There have been some studies of both humans and mice that suggest that cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal), may increase a person's odds of having colon cancer. Other studies have contradicted these findings. Nevertheless, it is an intriguing concept given that removal of the gallbladder alters the patterns of metabolism of bile, which may be a factor in colon carcinogenesis.
Ureterosigmoidostomy (creation of a connection of the ureter via the sigmoid colon to the outside of the abdomen) may lead to cancer at the line of connection between the ureter and the colon. [The ureter is the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder.] It has been conjectured that a urinary ingredient becomes carcinogenic when exposed to the bacteria of the bowel.
Occupational exposure probably does not play a major role in the development of colon cancer, although isolated reports of clusters of colon cancer in people of various occupations have been made. Those occupations that have been implicated include brewery workers, crystal glass foundry workers, automobile model and pattern makers and workers exposed to formaldehyde.
Sunday, November 21, 2010
As i promised earlier, Techperk will have some of the best phones/gadgets review in the near future. So to add to that here is another one. Here is the HTC Touch Pro 2 Review following the hot selling N8 Review last week.
A solid design, sleek look and stylish colors, makes this phone a marvel of touchscreen from HTC and is one of the best business phones in the world.
Design:
This is a brick like handset that has a dimension of 116 × 59 × 17 mm weighing about 179 g, which has a lavish look in steel silver with rounded edges. This impressive piece of Windows Mobile devices comes in style with a business-centered slide out QWERTY keyboard. This rather has a nifty TouchFlo 3D screen with innovations with a bigger tiltable screen that makes this device not so cheap but is really a high-end business device. The phone is powered with a USB socket and has 3.2 MP cameras that can capture stunning images, with a microphone, and a large Straight Talk speaker for conference calls with a mute button. The QWERTY keyboard is much or more similar to a standard keyboard, with the onscreen keyboard also complementing or the high efficiency of this device. The slide out QWERTY keyboard, end/power button, send/hands free button, back/clear button, home button, volume up/down button and a power button all supported by an internal antenna for reception of signals from your mobile service powder.
A solid design, sleek look and stylish colors, makes this phone a marvel of touchscreen from HTC and is one of the best business phones in the world.
Design:
This is a brick like handset that has a dimension of 116 × 59 × 17 mm weighing about 179 g, which has a lavish look in steel silver with rounded edges. This impressive piece of Windows Mobile devices comes in style with a business-centered slide out QWERTY keyboard. This rather has a nifty TouchFlo 3D screen with innovations with a bigger tiltable screen that makes this device not so cheap but is really a high-end business device. The phone is powered with a USB socket and has 3.2 MP cameras that can capture stunning images, with a microphone, and a large Straight Talk speaker for conference calls with a mute button. The QWERTY keyboard is much or more similar to a standard keyboard, with the onscreen keyboard also complementing or the high efficiency of this device. The slide out QWERTY keyboard, end/power button, send/hands free button, back/clear button, home button, volume up/down button and a power button all supported by an internal antenna for reception of signals from your mobile service powder.
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